The Legacy of World War I in Africa

When World War I broke out, Europe had already colonized much of Africa, but the need for manpower and resources during the war led to the consolidation of colonial power and sowed the seeds for future resistance. Conquest, Conscription, and Resistance When the war began, the European powers already had colonial armies comprised of African soldiers, but conscription demands increased substantially during the war as did resistance to those demands. France conscripted more than a quarter of a million men, while Germany, Belgium, and Britain recruited tens of thousands more for their armies. Resistance to these demands was common. Some men attempted to emigrate within Africa to avoid conscription for armies who in some cases had only recently conquered them. In other regions, conscription demands fueled existing discontent leading to full-scale uprisings. During the war, France and Britain ended up fighting anti-colonial uprisings in the Sudan (near Darfur), Libya, Egypt, Niger, Nigeria, Morocco, Algeria, Malawi, and Egypt, as well as a brief insurrection on the part of Boers in South Africa sympathetic to the Germans. Â   Porters and their families: the forgotten casualties of World War I The British and German governments - and especially the white settler communities in East and South Africa - did not like the idea of encouraging African men to fight Europeans, so they mostly recruited African men as porters. These men were not considered to be veterans, since they did not fight themselves, but they died in scores all the same, especially in East Africa. Subject to harsh conditions, enemy fire, disease, and inadequate rations, at least 90,000 or 20 percent of porters died serving in the African fronts of World War I. Officials acknowledged that the actual number was probably higher. As a point of comparison, approximately 13 percent of mobilized forces died during the War. During the fighting, villages were also burned and food seized for the use of troops. The loss of manpower also affected the economic capacity of many villages, and when the final years of the war coincided with a drought in East Africa, many more men, women, and children died. To the Victors go the Spoils After the war, Germany lost all of its colonies, which in Africa meant it lost the states known today as Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Namibia, Cameroon, and Togo. The League of Nations considered these territories to be unprepared for independence and so divided them up between Britain, France, Belgium, and South Africa, who were supposed to prepare these Mandate territories for independence. In practice, these territories looked little different from colonies, but ideas about imperialism were starting to shift. In the case of Rwanda and Burundi the transfer was doubly tragic. Belgian colonial policies in those states set the stage for the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the lesser-known, related massacres in Burundi. The war also helped politicize populations, however, and when a Second World War came, the days of colonization in Africa would be numbered. Sources: Edward Paice, Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2007. Journal of African History. Special Issue: World War I and Africa, 19:1 (1978). PBS, World War I Casualty and Death Tables, (Accessed January 31, 2015).

The Natural Sciences And The Arts - 1179 Words

People often argue about what constitutes progress, and things that some regard as progress other consider to not be progress at all. In my opinion it is the development towards an improved or more advanced condition. However what I perceive something to be could be biased due to my beliefs and value system, this is a limitation which must be considered when discussing progress in reference to the natural sciences and the arts. Reason and imagination play an important role in both understanding and comparing progress in the natural sciences and the arts but, while the imaginative insights of a scientist must ultimately be provable, those of artists need only to be reasonable. The interactions between these ways of knowing vary between the†¦show more content†¦Therefore the title must be approached differently, allowing for the development of the claim that progress in the natural sciences is more beneficial to society than in the arts. It is apparent that the knowledge gaine d from the natural sciences is generally considered to be the more reliable and true area of knowledge, opposed to the arts. Logic and reason are used as its primary ways of knowing which allow for the gathering of information through analysing data and observing experiments. Therefore we make the assumption that by gaining new information, through experimental practices, we are making progress in the development towards an ‘improved’ condition. This type of scientific progress can be classified as methodical (the invention of new methods of research, the refinement of research) and cognitive (increase or advancement of scientific knowledge) progresses. One example of this is the Eliminate Dengue Programme, which aims to develop a natural method to reduce the spread of dengue. The research team have shown that their approach reduces dengue transmission when the Wolbachia bacteria is introduced into mosquitoes in laboratories and affected communities, for example Yorkeys Knob which is where I live. Progress has indeed occurred, where dengue mosquito populations in Yorkeys Knob have been successfully reduced, if not completely removed. However, the counterclaim that progress in the natural sciences can have

Contributions and Drawbacks of Marxism Free Essays

Contributions and Drawbacks of Marxism Marxism is a theoretical system that created by Marx and Engels based on labor movements in the 19th century. Marxism was written upon a materialist interpretation of history. The Marxist theoretical system consists of three parts: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and scientific socialism, which were created on the basis of the German classical philosophy, the British classical political economy and French utopian socialist influence respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Contributions and Drawbacks of Marxism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In their writing the two most important terms are â€Å"socialist† and â€Å"communist†. When reading them, it is always important to know what the writer means by them. For Marx socialism was the more comprehensive term; communism was an advanced stage of socialism. Socialism would prepare the way by nationalizing the â€Å"means of production† (factories, farms, mines, transportation, etc. ) and putting them under the control of those he viewed as the sole producers of wealth: the workers. He viewed political equality and freedom as incomplete (or even illusory) without economic equality. Therefore this redistribution of economic power was aimed at extending democracy far beyond the limits envisioned by earlier democratic revolutions. Social services like health, education, and housing would be provided free, but people would still be paid wages according to their work. When all nations had developed socialist economies, they would begin to evolve into an international communist society. The vision of communism was very similar to that of anarchism: a stateless society in which central government had â€Å"withered away,† local, ground-up control of all affairs by strictly democratic processes based at the place of work, abolition of the market system (no money, no buying and selling) and its replacement by a system according to which people would voluntarily work for the common good to the extent they were able under the understanding that they could receive whatever they needed for free (â€Å"from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs†). National boundaries and governments having been eliminated, war would cease. Since Marx published the â€Å"Communist Manifesto† in1848, the banner of the communist was high erected, from Europe to the Americas, Asia, hundreds of millions of people struggled to achieve this beautiful ideal. People’s enthusiasm changed from faith to practical action. Communist revolution had continued for more than a century and had significant impact on the world’s modern history: 15 socialist countries were born, two global camps were formed and the conflict of different ideological forms evolved into conflict of international relations. After World War II, socialist practice developed from one country into multi countries. The formation of the socialist camp ended the dominance of capitalism. However, after nearly half century’s development, the Soviet model of socialism did not fully demonstrate its superiority. They became rigid, dogmatic and stagnated. At the same time, capitalist forces gathered together to against the socialist countries, and launched the â€Å"peaceful evolution† plan. Through the economic warfare, political warfare and the culture wars, finally in the 90s, the Soviet Union collapsed and majority of Eastern European Socialist Countries changed to capitalist. Since then the international communist movement entered into a setback stage. There is always a question been asked: if the socialist system is more superior than capitalism system, why most socialist countries failed and the remaining countries haven’t catch up with capitalist country? Because the development of socialist countries and that of capitalist countries lack a comparable basis: First, they have different starting points of economic development. Most socialist countries originally are feudal, colonial or semi-colonial countries. They don’t have any accumulated capital and wealthy like capitalist countries do. Under the control and plunder of western countries for decades, they barely have anything left. The difference between the two kinds of countries is significant. Second, they use different means of economic development. The history of capitalism is a history of bloody fortune. As Marx said, capitalist production process is the process of exploitation. Even today, with the advance of technology and dominant of capital, they are still doing unequal exchange with developing countries, which helps them to grab wealth. But the development of socialist countries mainly relies on people’s hard working. Third, they have different lengths of the economic development. From the establishment of the first socialist countries, only 80 years has past. Most of the socialist countries only have a history of forty or fifty years. They are still in the early stage of development, their economic, political and social operating mechanisms haven’t been fully developed. And they are still on their way searching for proper methods for improvement. But capitalism has three hundred and sixty years of history. It has accumulated a solid capital foundation and rich experience. Even so, among the capitalist countries, only around twenty of them are in the category of â€Å"developed countries†. Especially for those newly independent countries in the 20th century who use capitalist system, none of them is in the â€Å"rich club†. Fourth, the development environment is different. From the establishment of the first socialist state, the world’s capitalist countries start to apply economic blockade, military siege and even the armed aggression, the development environment for socialist countries is very dangerous. However, when the capitalist start developing, the old feudal system are almost collapse thoroughly from a global perspective. The international environment for the development of capitalism is very favorable. From the reasons above, I think it is not fair to compare the development level of socialist countries and capitalist countries. Even socialism did not success in a global point of view, it should be noted some of them have had great achievement. Before the collapse, the Soviet Union maintained an average industrial production growth rate of 21% from 1928 to 1940, ranking first in Europe and second in the world. And they completed in twelve years what capitalist countries achieved in 100 years. From 1951 to 1980, the Soviet major economic indicators are1 to 2 times higher than the U. S. In 1950, the Soviet industrial output is less than 30% of U. S. ’s industrial output, while in 1980 it reached 80%. In addition, the Soviet Union has significant achievement in science and technology, education, culture, military and many other fields. From the development of the Soviet Union, we can see the socialism has certain kinds of advantages. We should also notice that the eighty years of socialist development history has a huge and far-reaching impact on the human social history. The establishment and development of socialism, breaks the operation system of colonialism and imperialism, propels the international political and economic order to a more equal and reasonable direction. The socialism analysis of the conflict between productive forces and production relations also helps with the improvement of the capitalist system. So socialism is conducive to the common progress of human society. But like other theories, Marxism, by the limitations of the era, has a series of shortcomings: The class struggle theory. It is easy for the dogmatists and violence advocates to take advantage of. Some people exaggerate the power of class struggle. They do not realize the probability of class change (proletariat to propertied class) and the class cooperation, so it can lead to widespread violence, legalized terrorism easily. The proletarian dictatorship theory. The starting point of protecting people is good. But if the bad guys control the government, they may suppress people and dissent in the name of proletariat comrades. The theory of surplus value. Marx thinks, in a market economy, the exploitation of surplus value is from production. Surplus value is the value worker created minus the employment expense of that labor. Although this theory of exploitation has a positive side in recognition of exploitation, its bias and extreme part is obvious. Marx’s mistake is that he ignores capitalists’ management of complex operation and the business risk they bear. Capitalists’ income should include their general labor income (he works as a worker), complex management income (he conducts the operation and management, decision-making and other complex activities), capital income (he puts in capital), the risk income (the principle of market economy is the risks and benefits equals; he bears the investment risk, so he should have a higher income). Moreover, Marx does not realize that in the old socialist society, because of high concentration of power in planned economy, some problems will be created: corruption, plunder of resources and people is a more serious exploitation. The plan economy theory. Marx negates the market economy, advocating elimination of private ownership and replace with full ownership. He promotes the idea of â€Å"distribute according to the work contributed†. He encourages eliminating commodity and currency and replacing them with a comprehensive economic plan, distributing consumer goods by needs. Moreover, Marx states that full ownership will become state ownership, the planned economy will be under the control of government, and distribution by work is actually by the length working time. Those policies will certainly leads to unclear property rights, irresponsibility and egalitarianism. There will be no competition and people will have no incentive to work. Some other problems also need our attention: Is public ownership really efficient? Will egalitarian distribution inhibit creativity? Will planned economic encourage bureaucracy, and lead to laziness and waste? And so on. Sources: http://www. douban. com/group/topic/4691689/ http://baike. baidu. com/view/680726. htm http://baike. baidu. com/view/8059. htm http://public. wsu. edu/~brians/hum_303/manifesto. html http://wenda. tianya. cn/wenda/thread? tid=0aa8581c30d4c1ea;hl=vbgood http://www. marxists. org/archive/bukharin/works/1933/teaching/intro. htm How to cite Contributions and Drawbacks of Marxism, Essay examples

Manage Remuneration and Employee Benefits - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManage Remuneration and Employee Benefits forBonuses. Answer: Remuneration It defines a reward or an amount, which paid to the contractor or employees for working under any organization. It is a form of compensation for employment service. The remuneration can provide according to their hourly wages, fringe benefits and salary benefits. It also includes annual leave, bonuses or incentives, leave without pay, long service leave and share options (Safari et al. 2016). Under the employment remuneration, they get benefits according to the terms and rewards of the organizations. Strategic goals It helps the organization by various concerned structures, which includes: serve the organization with fair purposes always ensure to give good performance The employees will have good opportunities for the best future performance the process not only provide fair salary structure, but it also helps in to describe that the organization is fair for all It helps to achieve the goals of the by obtaining the strategic goals. According to the benefits for the organization, HR always focuses on the tax benefits, which includes Income Tax, Good and Service Tax and Fringe Benefit Tax. Under the Australian taxation system, these tax benefits help in the development of the organisations remuneration strategy. It is necessary to develop on the remuneration polices which helps to achieve a successful management benefits. These should be appropriate with the fair and equitable with the organization (Riaz and Riaz 2016). In the health care industry, the strategies that are applicable in the remuneration process are flexibility, health and wellness. According to the employers choice in the organization, it must concentrate on the ability to the attraction on the high performance. The reputation of the organization is always important along with the environment cultures. It is important to ensure the remuneration policies because it sets the minimum pay rate for the employees, which they get as a reward, registration agreement and other enterprise agreements. The remuneration policies help to pay according to the pay rate, which includes the team meetings, training, working unreasonable trial shifts, opening, and closing the business (Safari et al. 2016). In the strategic plans of incentives, the organization always looks for retain productive employees. Every business always ensure the establishment according to the performance, incentive plans expectations of the behavior of the employees, performance in the given works and loyalty towards the organizations. In the industrial agreement based occupations, it deals with various occupational groups, which includes the managers and administrators, tradespersons and related works, intermediate production and Transport Workers, laborers and related workers and Elementary clerical, sales and service workers. These occupational groups help the organizations to develop their remuneration strategies. The Market Rates defines the actual price or cost of any products, which is fixed or calculated according to the market strategies. It also helps to fix the marketing price, which is operated by the government. For the access in market or salary survey, we can survey in various organizations like any company, bank or shop. The performance management described the development strategies, which helps in the executive performance and comprehensive management. Under the performance management, it always depends on the performances, skills and disciplinary of an employee. It incorporated with the recruitment and selection, training and development, compensations, job design, disciplinary procedures and counseling. In the health care practice, it is necessary that the employees who are involved in such occupation must have an excellent skill in their performance, should have a clear concept about their job role, should have the duties and liabilities towards their job, and the ability to perform according to their job role. Employee minimum entitlements according to organizational policies and legal requirements included that the rate of the minimum payment is sets according to the enterprise agreement or other registered agreement or the national minimum wage. It could be paid according to the working unreasonable trial shifts, in team meetings, training and opening and closing the business. The National Employment Standards has entitled with the 10 minimum employment entitlements, which are the basis rights of the employees. In Australia, the NES and national minimum wage is applicable for the entitlement. Under the entitlements, the included entitlements are annual leave, parental leave, and public holidays and Fair Work Information Statements (Riaz and Riaz 2016). The Salary packages helps to understand about the payment arrangements of the benefits, which are payable and total amount of the remuneration. Under the salary, package the management sets several payment arrangements, which includes fringe benefits, allowances, motor vehicle, salary, superannuation and payroll tax or workers compensation insurance. This is the duty of the HR managers that the remuneration process must not only comply with the organization also helps to operate with minimum standard of the salary packages. The Remuneration system, which set the salary packages, should comply with the organizational policies and legal requirements. The salary packages must included with tax and other superannuation obligations. Incentive describes the economic wage or compensation, which rewarded according to the performance skills in the employments. Incentives always provide to the individual persons who are involved with any organizations. The amount of incentive is set according to the incentive managements structures. It is the aim of the incentives to pay the money and helps to obtain the organizational success. It can provide in different ways, which are moral incentives, remuneration incentive, financial incentives, coercive incentives, natural incentives and intrinsic motivations. In a successful management of any organization, it depends on the productivity of the business and their incentive plans. Incentive plans, which are known as performance incentive plans (PIPs), motivate employees to exceed expectations and grow the business. Such plans promote exceptional behavior during a specific period (Safari et al. 2016). Under the remuneration strategies effectiveness, it processed with the development, investigation and other recommendation stages. Under the implementation stages, it includes the implementation of process with trial group, orientation of key stakeholders those responsible for administration, development of communications strategy, monitor progress, record feedback and opinion on acceptance. This is the duty of the HR managers that the remuneration process must not only comply with the organization also helps to operate with minimum standard of the salary packages. The Remuneration system, which set the salary packages, should comply with the organizational policies and legal requirements. The salary packages must included with tax and other superannuation obligations (Riaz and Riaz 2016). The HR, board authorities, managements and the employees will involve in the remuneration process. Reference Dean, P.J. ed., 2015. Australia 1944-45: Victory in the Pacific. Cambridge University Press. Goodman-Delahunty, J., Brewer, N., Clough, J., Horan, J., Ogloff, J.R., Tait, D. and Pratley, J., 2014. Practices, policies and procedures that influence juror satisfaction in Australia. Riaz, Z. and Riaz, Z., 2016. A hybrid of state regulation and self-regulation for remuneration governance in Australia. Corporate Governance, 16(3), pp.539-563. Safari, M., Cooper, B.J. and Dellaportas, S., 2016. The influence of remuneration structures on financial reporting quality: evidence from Australia. Australian Accounting Review, 26(1), pp.66-75.

Popular Culture and Cultural Capital free essay sample

One problem in analyzing a type of youth culture is measuring the extent to witch it is a response to a culture deliberately manufactured for marketing and consumption of cultural products. Would say to some extent all subcultures consume part of popular culture, but it does vary from which culture a person is apart of, E. G you can look at the Goth type of culture and think it not to be very commercialese at all. But I would argue differently, cause Goth is one of the most commercialese types of culture in the world. The Director Tim Burton makes huge blockbuster films that have been filmed in a gothic style. So why is Goth not popular culture? The Hip Hop culture was discovered in 1 asss America, It involved a very unique form of dancing called break dancing, and was based on the genre of music called Hip Hop.Most people would argue that Hip Hop became commercial when the Sugar Hill Gang released a single called Rappers Delight, but I would argue that the Hip Hop style of clothing consisted of high street clothing, which in a way made he subculture commercial even when it was deemed not to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Culture and Cultural Capital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My argument is that all of the subcultures we have are commercial but within the subcultures there is a sense of resistance towards commercialisms. The types of subcultures in Britain today are vast in quantity. You can look around on a busy weekend shopping and see lots of different styles of clothing, and lots of different tastes of music and attitudes towards life in one city. Subculture can be dated back to the 1 asss, where people were first frightened of the Teddy boy look. The public then became swamped with what they thought were bizarre street styles. There came the Moods and Rockers in the sasss, then in the 1 sass came the skinheads and punks.These sub cultural groups were a product of a modern global zing world, In that the look of moods was based on an Italian look of suits and scooters. These subcultures were considered to be resistance of the norm, where youths would try to look different to be different. Within these subcultures there are differences between them. For example Moods and rockers were separated by their tastes in music, as a result of this there are sometimes ritual fights that have outraged Straight society like shopkeepers, the police, searchers and most importantly the media.Today though society is more accepting of these subcultures in and around where they live. It has in a way become part of culture. This maybe because the old school Deeds, Punks and Rockers have grown up, had children and they are now taking the same course but with a different subculture. But how have subcultures been labeled with distinct features, how have they generally been stereotyped by so many people as types of hooligan groups.Today we have a mix of the new breed of sub culture and the old school types of subculture. To name a few that I have noticed are Moshers, so called cause of there love of rock music and the way they moss to it, they also tend to wear baggy clothes and do sports like skateboarding. Indy boys, so called because of there love of Indy music. Indy boys tend to wear the type of clothes that Noel Gallagher wears and they tend to like the main types of popular sport, like football and rugby.Moshers and Indy boys fight mainly because of their differences in clothing and music, they prefer not to moss. And the chap, the chap is the most interesting of the nevus breed of subcultures and the most heavily commercialese, the clothes a chap wears and the music he chap listens to is extremely commercial, the clothing the chap is most commonly associated with is Barberry, which on the news recently has been linked with a clothing worn by football hooligans.People have picked up on these subcultures in fashion, TV and newspapers etc. And as such have tried to cater for their needs in order to make a profit. Fashion shows dedicated to a popular twist on these groups styles. E. G remember seeing a fashion show that Was showing a type Of fashion based on the types of clothes that punks wear. But the models on the cat walk were all good looking with rips in clothes that were fit to measure and the safety pin that went through one of the models eyebrows was made of gold.Through that example you can see the difference between the commercial punk and the punk. Subcultures also have a relationship to the overall dominant culture which, because of its pervasiveness, in particular its transmission through the mass media, is unavoidable. We can therefore distinguish a subculture, for example that of the hippies, which has connections with, but is distinct from due to its deviant lifestyle, the progressive middle class culture.The hippy subculture also has connections with the bohemian tradition of the artistic avian-garden, but its use of illegal drugs, and its value of instant hedonism means it has connections with other urban, more delinquent subcultures. In this quote Brake argues that the hippie culture has connections with the progressive middle class culture, but it is distinct from due to its connections with a deviant life style of taking illegal drugs and the pursuit of pleasure.Firth (1978) also argues that the middle class children are interested in the alternative values expressed in the lyrics of rock music. Think that people ho are borne in to a middle class environment have more options of culture available to them and they can afford to experiment with different cultures. As such they will buy the music of that culture and buy the clothes of that culture. This is a very shallow way Of experimenting with culture because one of the main elements I feel of a sub culture is that it is not standardized.You buy the single of a rock group because you belong to the culture that follows rock music, you would be funding the label that produces that music. And the music industry has been totally standardized; it is hard to find ba nds on the helves of record stores that are produced by a small corporation. So you would still be funding the same company that has boy bands and general popular music. Also the example that I gave earlier on the difference between the commercial punk and the punk comes in to play.Because the middle class buys the clothes that they see people on TV wearing who are part of their culture they are apart of, they will only see the commercialese version of that type of clothing, as a result they will tend to go for the easier option and buy the same pair from the high street. It is hard these days to blend in tit a culture without looking the part and the music and fashion industries have noticed this and catered to it, as a result people feel they are out of the norm and are resisting popular culture, when in fact they are apart of it.This can be seen when looking at the music industry today. Only only a few big corporate production companies own the music industry. This has put them in a great position to make as much money as possible when targeting these sub cultures. The audiences tastes are carefully monitored over time by measuring what is selling. By doing this they can measure how much reduction is needed for each genre of music by having reserve musicians on stand by to cater for the needs and tastes of the audience.It is said that subcultures arise from a common ground of experiences that youths share. The sharing of these experiences makes it easier for youths to communicate with each other and thus a collection of people all in the same boat is understandable. This could be the very reason why subcultures can be founded by popular media culture. Liberalizing of media companies on the government I feel plays a big part in why so many different subcultures have been produced over time.If different aspects of the county we live in can be changed by the media then it is bound to affect the way we live. As such, a common ground is formed among people affected by this. Since a characteristic of why subcultures are formed, is that they form because of a shared common ground then a subculture is formed to confront this. So you can see that if the subculture is seen as a rebellion of thing that have happened it is actually happened because of the media industry and has consumed what the media company changed.As for the style of the subculture, it is thought that the subculture is a billion towards the dominant style of clothing off the high street. Elements are drawn from the synthetic manufactured culture of popular music and artifacts, but these are relocated and transformed (fibrillate) (Brake 1980) Brake states that although clothing that is popular and sold on the high street, it does not necessarily mean that it belongs to a popular for Of subculture. Clothing is bought and made to fit the critiques of the subculture to form the desired statement.This can be seen with Levi Straus s jeans. The new subculture of the Mosher that introduced to the beginning of the essay ill buy the jeans and turn them in to a type that is suitable for that subculture by buying jeans that are a size too big for the person and will make tares where the knees are, this changes the perspective of what the jeans represent. So even though the person is apart of a subculture, that does not necessarily mean that they do not buy non-popular products.It has been argued that what ultimately defines cultural capital as capital is its Convertibility in to cultural capital (Graham and Williams 1 986) There are three main Popes of capital, cultural, economic and social. What I want to look t is the relationship between economic capital and cultural capital in subcultures. Cultural capital of subcultures refers to someones knowledge of the subculture, normally accumulated through upbringing and education. Sub cultural capital is defined by what Sarah Thornton (1995) refers to as hip news which slang voc abulary is above all a sign of aristocratic distinctiveness.Thornton also refers to what objectifies subculture capital by using examples like fashionable haircuts and record collections which would be apart of the subculture. Sub cultural capital is embodied in the form of being in the know y using slang and looking the part of the subculture. But this can not be over used as it look like your trying too hard. The media play a role in governing the circulation of the subculture because it acts as a network of cultural knowledge that distributes and in ways defines the subculture.So to be apart of the subculture people with economic capital would get the haircut, buy the records and buy the relevant news updates to be Din the know about the subculture. Thus weather you are apart of Cultural capital or economic capital you would still be buying in to a common form of popular products. This can be seen when you look in to how you can make a living from having a strong cultural capital of Din the know information on subcultures. Dads, club organizers, clothes designers, music and style journalists and record industry professionals all make a living from sub cultural capital. They do this by defining the subculture and creating. Economic capital rewards sub cultural capital. Music is a strong defining aspect of what sort of culture or subculture you belong to. Weather it be popular Goth, Punk, dance or any of the others they all have their own types of music. Gender plays a big part in what music gets played. Girls on average spend more of their time working at school, boys on average spend more time and money on leisure time activities like going out, listening to records and reading music magazines.Girls generally have a greater taste in pop music than boys and will often defend their tastes in pop music and acknowledge their low sub cultural status. Thus people are apart Of a subculture, they dress the part and generally look the part, but they do consume in to the popular culture, weather it be directly (buying pop music) r indirectly (buying a rock magazine that is owned by the same company that distributes a pop magazine) you are still consuming in to popular culture.

The Orginal Country Boy essays

The Orginal Country Boy essays A ranch-raised boy from Southwestern Texas made his way up the road to fame slowly but carefully. Along the way he has left an impression on the lives of many people, and captured the hearts of the country music fans everywhere. A large majority of male country music singers can be described as a man with an amazing smile, a great voice who sure know how to fill a pair of Wranglers. Humble and extremely private are the words that are more commonly used to describe George Strait, even though the first description fits him perfectly as well. Overall Strait manifest a public persona as a very country, connected to his roots, soft spoken, private individual. George Strait is a homegrown hottie that was named one of the 50 Sexiest Men by People magazine (Road 1). His overall physical appearance tells the story of his life without all the details. Just at a glance his appearance tells people that he is respectable, well-groomed, clean-cut country boy who has found success. His smile relays his generally positive outlook on life, while the lines in his face tell a story of difficult times. The hard lines and roughness of his hands allow fans to realize he has experienced hard work before leading a life of luxury. For years most of Straits fans were left in the dark about his private life. In public he displays an image of the ideal country singer, which lived a rough life before stardom and since then everything is great. He displays his intelligence by choosing to make the right career moves such as only touring during certain seasons. Strait makes sure that he has plenty of family time. He and his wife Norma are fixtures at his sons team roping events (Holden 43). He also makes sure that all holidays he and his son are able to spend time together riding horses, working cattle and roping on his ranch in Texas (Holden 43). Strait also displayed his love of his country. In 1971 Strait joined t...

How changes in the world economy since 1945 have affected room for Essay

How changes in the world economy since 1945 have affected room for maneuver of multinational firms - Essay Example Over several centuries, trade has always flowed across states, borders, and civilizations thus joining economic fortunes and acting as a channel for social practices, technologies, and ideas. International trade began to flourish at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The trade grew geographically between nations that were industrialized and in the imperial patronage, it grew between the underdeveloped peripheries and the urban centers. During the century, the average export to GDP ratio for developed economies rose to about 11% and for individual trading countries particularly in Europe, higher ratios were recorded (Gruber, 2007). This however did not last for a long time as the First World War coupled with depression of inter-war brought international trade to a halt, introduced imperial trading blocks, and increased trade tariffs substantially and other restrictions on import. Since 1945 however, there emerged far-reaching trading systems. Most countries began to trade with a large number of other countries. Regional trading became supportive of and complementary to more widespread multinational link. Even though the majority of trade took place between OECD nations, things began take a different route pretty first. These changes in the world economy since 1945 affected room for  maneuver of multinational firms. Such changes included: The Latin American and Eastern Asia industrializing economies began taking a substantial share of world trade; the liberalization in India, China as well as other developing countries, which made these countries more than ever set to intensify their trading ties beyond borders. Another change was the growing communication and transportation infrastructure, which reduced uncertainties and costs of trade according to Karlsson & Honig (2009). This growth in transportation and communication reduced significantly the investment required by multinational firms to venture in foreign economies. The crumbling of communism after 1 945 also brought very many nations into the international trading system. The formation of GATT and later WTO created a legal infrastructure, which was more accommodating than other previous systems before 1945 and the tariffs were also substantially decreased. Discussion The improvement in communication and transportation boosted the process of internationalization process of firms. Before 1945, communication infrastructure was still very poor. In 1956, the most noteworthy improvement in communication came to pass when for the first time the American telegram as well as telephone opened a telephone cable that was transatlantic by means of microwaves amplification technology. Following this advancement, multinational corporations for instance Ford began utilizing this new communication network to exchange information as well as manage operations based in other countries from their headquarters in the United States. According to Gruber (2007), though telephone cable tremendously enha nced enterprise communication after 1945 especially in urban areas, a huge portion of the world never utilized that opportunity optimally. Nevertheless, the introduction of satellite communications in the early 1980s started a new chapter in the world of multinational firms as it ended isolation and made the world a global village, multinational firms could now operate from almost anywhere in the world as communication made everything quite simple for them. The collapse of communism and the emergence of capitalism after 1945 saw many other nations accepting the American style globalization. The fall of communism gave the Anglo-American powers an opportunity to institute the system of the United Nations and establish the institutions of international economics such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Financial collaboration was also introduced and this was a great opportunity for the multinational fir

Marine Insurance Law & Salvage, Collisions, Admiralty Jurisdiction & Essay

Marine Insurance Law & Salvage, Collisions, Admiralty Jurisdiction & General Average - Essay Example Where both maritime and non- maritime obligations are involved, admiralty jurisdiction will generally be denied, unless the maritime part can be separated from the rest of the policy . The nature of Marine Insurance is described as ‘Uberrimae fidei’ which means utmost good faith. If any of the party involved in the contract observes no good faith, then the contract can be avoided. As defined in the Marine Insurance Act 1906, the clauses related to the disclosure of information by assured and disclosure by agent effecting insurance are as follows: Disclosure by Assured : 1) It is liable on the assured to disclose all the information and material circumstance before concluding the contract. The assured in returns need to know every circumstance which, in the ordinary course of business, ought to be known by him. If the assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may avoid the contract. 2) The premium is fixed by the insurer taking into consideration every material. 3) In the absence of inquiry the following circumstances need not be disclosed : a) In which there is a reduction of the risk involved. b) In which presumption to know general information is required. c) In circumstances in which information is given by the insurer; d) any circumstance which it is superfluous to disclose by reason of any express or implied warranty 4) For any circumstance, being material or not, which is not disclosed becomes a question of fact 5) The term circumstance here refers to any communication made to or received by the assured.

Bandura's theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bandura's theory - Essay Example In fact, several studies have shown a high correlation between mastery of these behaviours and high achievement in school. Observation has been demonstrated as having a significant impact on learning in several areas of psychology (Bandura, 1986; Rosenthal & Zimmerman, 1978). These researchers have documented evidence that shows children responding to behaviours observed in adults. The children then learn and subsequently emulate the behaviours. Specifically within the education context, this theory has been found to have merit in that students who observe a model (parent or teacher) depicting positive study attitudes and habits and then emulate that model generally demonstrate a higher level of academic success than those who do not engage in observational learning (Bird et al., 2005; Martinez-Pons, 2002). One of the problems with observation in the educational context is that physical processes are much easier to observe than mental processes. The child who learns how to assemble a toy by watching an adult or older sibling is at an advantage compared to the student who must acquire skills for studying. A model's retreat to a quiet area is visible enough, but self monitoring and regulatory skills generally take place within the mind of the studier and can often only be passed on to an observer through conscious effort on the part of the modeller to get the idea across. Studies have shown that behaviours of students to whom the meta-cognitive strategies have been purposively modelled have demonstrated high levels of achievement than those who are generally left on their own to figure it out (Martinez-Pons, 2002). In a study done by Zimmerman and Kitsantas (1999) students given a writing task were separated into groups in which the necessary strategies for successfully completing the task were either modelled for emulation, verbally described, or directly practised (as distinct from modelling in which mental as well as physical processes are exposed). The result of the experiment was that students who received support in the form of adult modelling of the behaviours necessary for success were better able to independently display skills that led to success in the academic task (Martinez-Pons, 2002). The observation of parents in situations that can be related to learning has also been seen to have an effect on students' ability to perform academically. It is often the case that students who grow up in an environment that encourages learning do better academically than those who have not that privilege. This phenomenon has been described by Martinez-Pons (2002) as a "hidden curriculum." The students exposed to such a curriculum are often able to watch parents in behaviours that are self-regulatory and that lead to learning. A study carried out by Martinez-Pons demonstrated that "parental modeling and support for self-regulatory processes precede students' development of these skills" which lead to positive and high levels of academic achievement. Self Efficacy Self efficacy has been defined as a person's perception of his or her ability to perform a given task. It is distinct from self esteem and self concept in that it is closely tied to a given context, so that a person's self efficacy might vary with different

A Taxonomy Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

A Taxonomy Of Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay The improvement technology nowadays and as the users of Internet grows extremendously, it has reached a point where the potential benefit of very large scale results distributed application more apparent than ever. Opportunities are emerging to develop large systems that cater to highly dynamic and mobile sets of participants, who desire to interact with each other and stores of online content in a robust manner. These opportunities will inevitably dictate a substantial body of research in the years to follow. Although applications intended to function at this scale have recently begun to appear, there remain a broad set of several issues that must be faced before this emerging class of distributed system can become a reality. One of the current issues in the distributes system is open problem based on taxonomy. 1. Introduction Distributed systems research has historically avoided many hard problems through the carefully calculated use of operating constraints. Scalable resource clusters are assumed to be tucked away in protected facilities and connected by reliable infrastructure [1]. Large systems are assumed to have cooperating nuclei of administrative organizations that do not fail [2]. In peer environments, participants are assumed to behave fairly instead of leaching resources [3]. As the specifications of these systems grow to require operation at a massive scale with highly distributed administration, these assumptions will be strongly challenged as a means of providing useful systems. In short, distributed systems research is quickly approaching a point at which many hard problems cannot be avoided any longer. Prior to embarking on the construction of a large-scale distributed operating system, we felt that it would be useful to survey the landscape of problems that will be faced in the constructio n of this class of system. This paper is a summary of open problem based on taxonomy that must be addressed in order for successful systems of this caliber to be realized. To describe the domain of existing and future distributed systems, we have to design a taxonomy. This model is a two-dimensional space whose axes define the concurrency and conflict of resource access, and the degree of distribution and mobility of resources within the system. From this model, we draw four phyla of application that is point-to-point, multiplexed, fragmented, and peer-to-peer. This last phylum defines our target domain and we apply lessons learned from the other three groups to it. Through our taxonomy, we describe a set of architectural systems problems that must be addressed. 2. A Taxonomy of Distributed Systems We will describe four phyla of distributed systems in a continuous space along two axes. The axe which is access concurrency and resource distribution is a stem from an examination of the evolution of distributed applications. Access concurrency considers the number of simultaneous accesses to a resource and the degree of conflict between these accesses. Access concurrency problems occur as researchers began to move towards time sharing on mainframes. Resource distribution represents how broadly a system is spread across a network infrastructure. Individually, each of these axes represents a steadily increasing gradient of complexity within system architecture. It is in the cases where both axes have high degree that system complexity explodes. Indeed, distributed applications seem to all reside very close to the axes in our models. This observation suggests that there must be some limiting factors that exist, inhibiting the development of complex systems. We now consider the two axe s and four phyla of systems individually. 2.1 Access Concurrency Access concurrency originated with the desire to allow users to share the resources of original mainframe computers. Concurrency mechanisms allow clients to share a resource while preserving the state of that resource during simultaneous accesses. It is worth nothing that without a requirement to avoid conflict, concurrency mechanisms need only act as stateless request multiplexers. Although there are complexity issues in simple multiplexing at the Internet scale, it is conflict avoidance that makes access concurrency especially hard. In order to avoid conflicts between concurrent accesses, extra mechanisms must be put in place. These mechanisms add overhead and complexity to the system. Mechanisms to support access concurrency involve tradeoffs between efficiency and effectiveness. Concurrency control techniques that are very efficient is aim to allow the highest possible amount of simultaneous access, but may do so at the cost of poorly preserving resource state or unfairly schedul ing this access. Techniques that are optimized for effectiveness protect resource state, but may do so by severely limiting concurrency of access. As an example, consider the locking of files to preserve consistency in concurrent systems. Pessimistic locking is most effective at preserving state, but results in a complete loss of concurrency whenever the file is locked for writing. Optimistic locking allows a higher degree of concurrency, but may perform worse in a high state of conflict as many transactions must be aborted. Conflicts may simply be flagged and left for a separate mechanism to resolve later. It is usually happen in the extreme case of efficient concurrency. This is how inconsistencies are addressed after a disconnection in distributed file systems such as Coda. Similar analogies for access concurrency exist with respect to other resources such as process scheduling and memory protection. In this emerging class of large distributed systems, the issue is that a high de gree of concurrency within a system demands efficiency, while individual users will expect effective consistency preservation. Measures, such as conflict resolution, have not been well explored. It is a non-trivial problem to automatically resolve conflicts on information that does not have a high degree of structure, such as files and ad hoc databases (i.e. the Windows registry). Additionally, there exist a set of resources for which resolution may not be appropriate after the fact, and large scale active conflict avoidance is a necessity. 2.2 Resource Distribution Resource distribution describes the degree to which a system has been spread across a network, and how dynamic resources are within it. Even the smallest degree of resource distribution mandates a substantial amount of overhead within a system. Consider the difference between accesses to a local file versus a remote file service such as NFS. Both cases contain all of the complexity involved in reading a file from disk; however the remote access has the additional responsibilities of locating the service, marshalling data in and out of message structures, interacting across the network, and handling a considerably larger set of potential error cases. Transparency, a hallmark goal of distributed systems only obfuscates this problem by concealing the details of distribution. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) mechanisms, which were intended to simplify application development is forced distribution to be implemented deep within the system. This occurs directly in many of the problems traditio nally associated with distributed systems such as fragility and inflexibility. The troubling aspect in this line of consideration is that these issues indicate a fundamental flaw at the very onset of approaches to distribution. RPC will only provide one degree of distribution, by passing a call to a single remote host. We have only just entered the arena of distributed systems, and already complexity is overbearing with RPC. A larger problem exists in their distribution by assuming that resources can be accessed in an expressive and reliable manner. In order to access resources, it must be possible to first locate them. Moreover, mechanisms must exist to find them in an ongoing manner if the resources are not static within a system. For instance, the location of a resource may have to be determined through a directory service and refreshed with each successive access. In very large scale or highly dynamic systems, a centralized service may not be sufficient to track resource locatio n and other methods, such as forwarding pointers [4], may have to be employed. Distribution equates almost exactly to extra mechanism, and therefore complexity, within a system. The larger and more distributed a system becomes, the more mechanism will be required to locate, track, and access objects within it. 2.3 Four Phyla of Distributed Applications From the two axes described above, we draw four phyla of distributed applications, shown in Figure 2.3. Note that the respective sizes of these domains are by no means equal, we represent this division as it is for simplicity. What follows is a very brief presentation of each of the four classes. In each case, we supply an example of the phylum to demonstrate its characteristics. We also try to identify weaknesses that exist within the domain that may not be acceptable within more advanced systems. Figure 2.3 : Taxonomy of Distributed Application 2.3.1 Point-to-point The point-to-point phylum represents a very simple set of applications in which a client connects to a resource for un-shared access. Point-to-point examples exist primarily as components of more complex applications, for instance the data channel of an FTP session is point-to-point, in that all of the associated resources are allocated at both ends of the connection at the beginning of a transfer. We would also consider simple RPC to be primarily a point-to-point application, provided that the RPC server handles a single request at a time. Point-to-point applications are characterized by the fact that the distribution aspects of the system are typically quite visible. For example when failure does occur it can be identified and resolved primitively by the user. If an FTP server does not respond or crashes during a transfer, the user can attempt a connection somewhere else. Regarding to this problem it is clearly shows that this is not a good system property; however it is generally tolerable within the domain of simple applications. 2.3.2 Multiplexed Multiplexed applications are those in which resources are delivered with a high degree of concurrency, and possibly conflict control, over a relatively small scale of distribution. We can take file and web server as an excellent examples. It is because they provide a set of centralized resources to large number of concurrent users. Figure 2.3.2 show us the taxonomy of web server. Note that in our model, both file and web servers have a high degree of access concurrency, but are still barely distributed. This is because users typically need only connect to a single point to access resources. There are more distributed examples of multiplexed applications which are distributed striped file systems and scalable data structures [5]. In both of these cases, users may still connect to a single resource, but that resource may forward requests through an additional link to an appropriate secondary server. The risk of failure is more significant in multiplexed systems because failure has the potential to affect a much larger number of users on the resource provision side. A very large multiplexed service is often served by specialized hosting facilities where a very high degree of resource reliability may be assumed. It is commonly used to mitigate those problems. Further precautions may involve the installation of redundant resources that take over in the rare case of system failure. Figure 2.3.2: Taxonomy of web server 2.3.3 Fragmented Resource Fragmented systems are those in which resources are spread across, or move within, a set of connected endpoints. Communication is substantially more complex in these systems as messages may not travel directly to a resource, but instead may lead to a cascade of interactions across the system. Existing fragmented systems, such as the domain name service (DNS), are frequently structured as a hierarchy of coupled administrative domains. Note that there do not have many examples of highly fragmented systems. Considered as a whole, the global DNS database is fragmented across a considerable number of hosts. However this is doubtlessly orders of magnitude smaller than the scope desired by advocates of universal Internet-scale directory services, such as LDAP, which have yet to see broad acceptance within the network. The distribution of administration presents a difficulty within the ongoing provision of fragmented systems. In a centralized resource, a single administrative body is capable of quickly affecting changes across the scope of a system. In a fragmented resource, issues arise in how changes should be applied and who is allowed to do them. In the case of DNS, updates must frequently be submitted to human administrators, who authenticate and apply changes by hand. In existing systems this is an acceptable property, DNS lookups are handled with an acceptable degree of expedience, and the frequency of change is small enough typically to be handled off-line. This is not, however, an approach that provides a high degree of scalability. 2.3.4 Peer to peer The client-server model assumes that certain machines are better suited for providing certain services. For instance, a file server may be a system with a large amount of disk space and backup facilities. A peer-to-peer model (Figure 2.3.4) assumes that each machine has somewhat equivalent capabilities, that no machine is dedicated to serving others. An example of this is a collection of PCs in a small office or home. Networking allows people to access each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s files and send email but no machine is relegated to a specific set of services. Peer to peer applications are highly distributed and involve a high degree of potentially conflicting, concurrent access to resources. This is a fairly hypothetical description, as very few such applications currently exist at the Internet scale. Peer-based file sharing applications, such as Gnutella [6], are initial steps within this domain but only begin to enter the phylum. Gnutella does not need to address any conflict issues, nor has it proven able to scale. In this class of application, the acceptable weaknesses within the other phyla compound and cannot be avoided. Failure has a high potential impact, but resources cannot be protected. Administration is distributed and the coupling between administrative domains may become much more dynamic. We discuss these issues more extensively in the next section. Figure 2.3.4 3. Conclusion The purpose of this paper has been to identify open problem based on taxonomy that necessarily must be addressed in order to develop advanced, Internet-scale distributed systems. Regarding to the explanations above, we can highlight that the open problem in taxonomy that contains in access concurrency and resource distribution. We also must consider the four phyla of distributed system; point-to-point, multiplexed, fragmented resource and peer to peer to identify weaknesses that exist within the domain that may not be acceptable within more advanced systems. Projects to develop environments for ubiquitous, invisible, and pervasive distributed applications have, and continue to be, very exciting research that will need to address many of these issues in order to realize their visions.

The Importance of Education Essay -- Personal Narratives Education Sch

The Importance of Education â€Å"Come on sweetie, you can do it!† These words have constantly been spoken to me ever since I was a child, and by my parents enforcing these words towards me they inspired me to achieve all that I am able too. In the Mexican culture there are many of us who yearn to learn new things yet there are many of our people who instead of lending a helping hand they thrust each other downward. With this key fact in mind I push myself to become an educated person with a degree so that I can prove to myself that if you want it you will get it. My family has always been very keen on education. One of my childhood memories is that of my father telling us â€Å"The only great inheritance I can leave you with is that of your education, because nobody can take that what you have learned away from you.† My mother also told us that if there came a day in which we had to leave our husbands for any type of abuse we would not be empty-handed since we could be able to support o ur self as well as our families. With my parents always asking me â€Å"how was school today,† or attending all (well not all) but most PTA meetings they showed me that they care a lot for my future. I wish to make them happy and to know that they did a good job in raising me since education is one of my top priorities. Another top priority that I believe influences me is to read, from books about magic sorcerers to Biology or chem. Textbooks, (Who knew right?) I love to explore new things and meet different people. Reading is the key element (I believe) of wisdom since it opens new boundaries to ones mind. I remember in 5th grade the new accelerated reader program was barely starting and the excitement of it was breathtaking. ( not really but i... ...assignments were this past year. My senior year my teacher was named Joanna Schmidt, she inspired us too write many different literature works. We read many Shakespearean works as well as books by Alice Walker, some of the amazing stories we were contained satire and we were asked to identify it in the different books. Gulliver’s Travels, Brave New World, and the movie Gatttica, were mainly written with satire. This was interesting to me because we had to really use our brains and analyze what the author was trying to get across to us as the reader. Now that I am in college I look forward to learning new things and I am glad that I have made in this far with an extreme amount of hard work yet my race is not over. I wish to add more inspirations to my list so that when I am older my children can look up to me for the enjoyment of learning I provide them with.